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选修七Unit 3语法：V-ing 形式的被动式 一、概念 1、v-ing形式的种类功用和各种形式：V-ing 包括动名词和现在分词两种，分别可作： 主语、宾语、表语; （动名词） 定语、状语、宾/主语补足语 (现在分词) 注意：其否定形式是在其前边加：not/never. 其各种形式如下表： 语态 主动形式 被动形式 时 态 一般式 (not) doing (not) being done 完成式 (not) having done (not) having been done 2. V-ing 形式的被动式用法及种类 当v-ing与它的逻辑主语构成被动关系时，要用其被动式, v-ing的被动式有两种：一般被动式：being done；完成被动式：having been done; V-ing形式的被动式包括动名词被动式和现在分词的被动式两种。 二、用法 一）动名词的被动式 动名词的被动式在句中可作主语、宾语、表语，且在句中只表被动，不表进行。 1、作主语 So being killed by sharks was a common thing. 因此被鲨鱼吃掉是常有的事。 Being laughed at in public is a terrible thing. 在公共场合下被嘲笑是件可怕的事。 Being exposed to the sun does harm to health. 暴漏在阳光下对身体有害。 The president’s being killed led to serious consequences. 总统被杀导致了严重后果。 典题： _______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. (上海, 2002) A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed 2、 作宾语 V-ing形式的被动式既可作动词的宾语, 也可作介词的宾语。 The bird escaped being caught. I didn’t mind being left at home. He was afraid of _________________ (abandon) by us. He did it without ___________ (ask) You can’t eat anything before _____________(operate on) I remember having been told the story. 典题： The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ________. A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch 3、作表语 What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital. 使孩子最为担心的是他不被允许到医院看母亲。 What I hate most is ________________ (laugh at) The problem is for from _______________ (settle) 注意：① 动名词的被动式作主语和表语时，常用其一般式（being done),不习惯用完成式；但作宾语时，若其动作发生谓语动词之前或强调动作已经发生，可用其完成式（having been done)。 如： I appreciate having been given the chance to study abroad. 我很感激能被给与到国外留学的机会。 典题： 1. __________ by others when you do nothing wrong at all is quite a bad experience. A. Having been misunderstood B. Being misunderstood C. Having understood D. Misunderstood 2. Tony was very unhappy for _________ to the party. （2000, 上海） A. having not been invited B. not having invited C. having not invited D. not having been invite ② 动名词的被动式在句中作主、宾、表时，其特点是只表被动，不表进行。 ③ 动名词的被动式作主、宾、表时，有时可采用其复合结构形式，即：名词所有格/形容性物主代词+ being done。如： Tom’s being admitted to college is a big surprise for us. 汤姆被大学入取让我们很是惊讶。 The discovery of new evidence led to his being caught. 新证据的发现导致他被捕。 What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital 二）现在分词的被动式 现在分词的被动式常句中作宾补和定语，一般不作状语（除个别情形例外）；在句中既表被动又表进行. 1、 作宾补 现在分词的被动式（being done）作宾补时，表示正在进行的被动的动作，常与感官动词连用。 I saw James being held up in the water by old Tom. You’ll find the topic _______________ (discuss) everywhere now. As we approached the village we saw new houses _____________ (build) 注意：与过去分词作宾补的区别：过去分词作宾补表示动作已完成. 2、作定语 现在分词的被动式（being done）作定语时时，表示正在进行的被动的动作。 The meeting ______________ (discuss) now is very important. He asked who was the girl _____________ (operate）on in the operating room. 注意：① 现在分词的被动式作后置定语时，表示正在进行的被动的动作；过去分词作后置定语表示已经发生的被动的动作；不定式的被动式作后置定语表示未发生或即将发生的被动的动作。如： a meeting being held now 正在被举行的会议 a meeting held yesterday 昨天举行的会议 a meeting to be held tomorrow 明天将举行的会议 ② 现在分词的被动完成式(having been done) 不能做定语和宾补。 The building having been built last year (×) The building built last year (√) We found him having been killed. (×) We found him killed (√) 1 三）现在分词的被动完成式 (having been done) 作状语 当分词与句子的主语构成被动关系，且此分词动作（明确地）发生在句子的谓语动词之前或持续发生一段时间（或持续发生多次）时可用现在分词的被动完成式(having been done) 作状语。 Having been shown around the classroom, we were taken to visit the lab. 被领着参观了教室后，我们又被带着参观了实验室。 Having been told the news, they put off the trip. 被告知此消息后，他们取消了这次旅。 Having been separated for many years by the war, they couldn’t recognize each other. 因战争而分离多年后，他们都认不出对方了。 Having been told many times, the boy still didn’t know how to do it. 尽管被告知多次了， 那个小男孩他仍然不知如何去做。 注意：① 若分词有自己独立的主语可构成独立主格结构。 The work having been done, they left the office. All the exam papers having been handed in, the teacher sent the students home. ② 在这种独立主格结构中，用现在分词的被动完成式形式与用过去分词形式差别不大。而为了简洁，习惯采用过去分词形式，如上面两句常表达成： The work done, they left the office. All the exam papers handed in, the teacher sent the students home. 典题： 1. _________ the whole story, Jane decided not to see the film. A. Having been told B. Having told C. Been told D. Telling 2. ________ that it was going to snow, the climbers decided to put off their attempt on the highest mountain. A. Having told B. Having been told C. Tell D. Telling 3. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _________ at the end of last March. (2007, 山东) A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched 注意：过去分词作状语与现在分词的被动完成式的区别： 二者作状语时，都表示与句子的主语构成被动关系，区别不大，可以互换。但是在这种情况下，为了简洁，还是习惯采用过去分词形式作状语。 Asked (= Having been asked) to work overtime, I missed a wonderful film. 由于昨晚被要求加班，我错过了一场精彩的电影。 Polluted (=Having been polluted) seriously, the water in the river was not safe to drink. 但是如果强调分词动作发生在句子的谓语动词之前或强调分词动作持续发生多次发（或持续一段时间）还是习惯采用现在分词的被动完成式(having been done) 作状语，但终归区别还是不大。 Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistakes. 尽管被告诉了多次，他还是犯同样的错误。 典题： （2009, 四川) ________ many times, he finally understood it. A. Told B. Telling C. Having told D. Having been told 三、动名词的主动形式表被动意义 ① 在want，need，require，deserve等动词之后作宾语时，常用动名词的主动式表示被动意义。 Your car needs ____________ (fill). 你这车要充气 This city deserves _____________ (visit). 这座城市值得光顾一下。 The problem requires ___________ (study) carefully. 这个问题需要认真研究。 The trees want ___________ (water). 这些树需要浇水了。 ② 在（be）worth后面只能用动名词的主动态来表示被动意义。 His suggestion is worth considering. ③ 在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如： We don’t allow smoking here. 我们不允许在这儿抽烟 We don’t allow students to smoke here. 我们不允许学生抽烟 四、小结 1、V-ing 的一般被动式（being done）可作主语、宾语、表语、后置定语、补语，一般不作状语; 作主语、宾语、表语时是动名词的用法，只表被动不表进行；作后置定语、宾/主补语时是现在分词的用法，既表被动又表进行。 2、现在分词的被动完成式(having been done)，只表被动不表进行，可作宾语和状语，表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。 3、V-ing 的一般被动式（being done）一般不用作状语， 因为过去分词形式已经替代它作了状语。所以像这句话：Being badly wounded, the whale soon died. 这种表达不常见，习惯性表达是把Being去掉, 而且这种表达也不作为考试测试中的依据。 巩固练习： 1. __________ in a famous university is what most students wish for. A. To educate B. Educated C. Being educated D. Educating 2. _________ into a famous university made his parents happy. A. Tom was admitted B. Tom be admitted C. If Tom was admitted D. Tom’s being admitted 3. _________ in a heavy traffic jam in a taxi while you are hurrying to the airport is quite an unpleasant experience. A. Having caught B. Being caught C. caught D. having been caught 4. ---- What in the world put you in a really bad mood ? ---- _______ in the traffic for hours. A. Stuck B. Being stuck C. To be stuck D. Sticking 5. --- What made Bill so angry? --- ___________. His girlfriend promised to come at 8:30, but she hasn’t come yet. A. Having kept waiting B. Being kept waiting C. To be kept waiting D. Being kept waited 6. I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention _______ when we talked on the phone. (2009, 江西) A. to promote B. having been promoted C. having promoted D. to be promoted 2 本文来源：https://www.dywdw.cn/43ff2b4eedf9aef8941ea76e58fafab068dc4441.html
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2022-12-17
