生物化学的英语名词解释

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生物化学,名词解释,英语

生物化学的英语名词解释

生物化学是一门研究生命体内化学反应过程的学科，主要关注生命体内的分子和化学反应，以及它们对生命体结构和功能的影响。在生物化学领域中，有许多专业术语和名词，下面将对其中一些常见的名词进行解释。

1. Protein（蛋白质）：

Proteins are large molecules composed of amino acids, linked together by peptide bonds. They play a crucial role in many biological processes, serving as structural components, enzymes, hormones, receptors, and transporters in the body.

2. Enzyme（酶）：

Enzymes are catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms. They accelerate the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Enzymes are usually proteins, and each enzyme is specific to a particular reaction.

3. DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）：

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms. It consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix structure.

4. RNA（核糖核酸）：

RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a molecule that plays multiple roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. It is involved in protein synthesis and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes.

5. Metabolism（代谢）：

Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism to maintain life. It can be divided into two main processes: catabolism, which breaks down molecules to release energy, and anabolism, which synthesizes molecules to build and repair tissues.

6. Lipid（脂质）：

Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids serve as a source of energy, insulation, and as structural components of cell membranes.

7. Carbohydrate（碳水化合物）：

Carbohydrates are organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are an essential source of energy for living organisms. Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

8. Metabolite（代谢产物）：

Metabolites are the small molecules that are intermediates or end products of metabolic reactions. They can serve as signaling molecules, energy sources, or building blocks for complex molecules.

9. pH（pH值）：

pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) present in the solution. pH values range from 0 to 14, with 7 being considered neutral, values below 7 acidic, and values above 7 alkaline.

10. ATP（三磷酸腺苷）：

ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is a molecule that serves as the primary energy source for many cellular processes. It is often referred to as the "energy currency" of the cell, as it stores and releases energy during reactions.

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