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新目标英语八年级下册U4精品辅导 U4 He said I was hard-working. ★ 语法: 一. 直接引语(direct speech)和间接引语(indirect/reported speech) 1. 直接引语：一字不变的引用别人的原话, 有引号。 2. 间接引语：用自己的语言转述别人的话，无引号，通常以宾语从句或动词不定式的形式出现。 二．直接引语与间接引语的变化： 1. 人称的变化：一随主，二随宾，三不变。 （1）一随主：引号中主语为第一人称，变间接引语时，该人称与主句主语的人称一致： Mary says, “I want to forget the past.” → Mary says that she wants to forget the past. （2）二随宾：引号中主语为第二人称，变间接引语时，该人称与主句宾语的人称一致： He says to me, “You have to change your shoes.” → He says to me that I have to change my shoes. （3）三不变：引号中主语为第三人称（包括人名），变间接引语时，该人称保持不变： She says, “They are looking forward to peace.” → She says that they are looking forward to peace. 2. 时态的变化：主句一般现在时，从句时态任所需；主句一般过去时，从句过去某种时；真理格言现在时。 （1）主句一般现在时，从句时态任所需：主句为一般现在时，变间接引语时，间接引语的时态保持不变： Susan says, “I went to see the film.” → Susan says that she went to see the film. （2）主句一般过去时，从句过去某种时：主句为一般过去时，变间接引语时，间接引语时态变成相应的过去时态： ☆直接引语时态 间接引语时态 一般现在时(is, am/are/V原,V单) → 一般过去时(was/were/V过去式) 一般将来时(will/shall/be going to) → 过去将来时(would/should/was, were going to) 现在进行时(be doing) → 过去进行时(was, were doing) (一般过去时(was, were/V过去式) → 过去完成时(had been/had done) (现在完成时(have done) → 过去完成时(had been/had done) (过去完成时时态不变) ☆情态动词变成相应过去式: can-could; may-might; must-had to/must （3）真理格言现在时：引号中为客观真理，变间接引语时，不论主句为何种时态，间接引语时态不变： The teacher said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”→The teacher said that light travels much faster than sound. 3. 指示代词, 时间状语, 地点状语, 部分动词的变化：(见《在线课堂》P28 表格) 4. 以下情况不变： （1）直接引语中有明确的过去时间状语，变间接引语，时态不变： He said, “He was born in 1970.” → He said that he was born in 1970. （2）直接引语中有when, since引导的时间状语从句, 变间接引语, 时间状语从句中时态不变： John said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.” → John said that he had studied English since he was a boy. 三．各类句型的直接引语变间接引语（各类句型充当宾语从句）： 1. 陈述句改间接引语，常用动词said, told, 引导词是that，可省略： Ben said, “I won’t go to Marcia’s house on Friday night.”→Ben said (that) he wouldn’t go to Marcia’s house on Friday night. 2. 特殊疑问句改间接引语，常用动词asked, wanted to know引导词为原有的特殊疑问词，不可省略，其后用陈述语序： She said, “Why don’t you go to school?” → She asked why I didn’t go to school. 3. 一般疑问句改间接引语，常用动词asked, wanted to know, 引导词为if/whether（是否），不可省略（选择疑问句只用whether），其后用陈述语序： She said, “Could I copy your homework?” → She asked me if/whether she could copy my homework. 4. 祈使句改间接引语，在动词原形前用句型tell/ask/order sb. (not) to do sth. He said to Tom, “please have a rest.” → He told/asked Tom to have a rest. She shouted, “Don’t close the door.” → She told/asked/ordered not to close the door. (TIPS: 做练习: P29 II, P30 III, P32 II 做题步骤: 1. 去引号, 改人称 2. 主句为过去式时, 改时态 3. 改句型 4. 其他变化) ★词汇 1. be mad at/with = be angry at/with 生…的气，对…发怒 Are you mad with/at Jim? = ______________ 一．短语/同义短语/句型 Be mad about/on = be crazy about/on 对…疯狂，着迷 He is mad about her. = ___________. 2. no more = not…anymore/not…any more 不再 注：anymore [Am] any more [Br] 用法说明：no more 用句末或助后事前，not 用于助后实前，anymore 用句末。 He will go there no more. = He will no more go there. = He won’t go there any more. [辨析]no more/not…anymore和no longer/not any longer 前者用来表示数量和程度，常修饰非延续动词，表示动作不再重复发生；后者常修饰延续动词，表示动作，状态不再延续。 The baby cried no more. = The baby no more cried. = The baby didn’t cry anymore. You are no longer a child. = You are a child no longer. = You aren’t a child any longer. 3. first of all = first/firstly = at first 首先（注：at first 另有“起初”含义）【常用于句首】 4. be good at = do well in 在…方面做得好；擅长于… 5. be in good health = be healthy keep in good health = keep healthy 6. get over = overcome克服 She can’t get over her shyness. [get短语]get along/on; get away; get away from; get back; get down; get in; get out; get out of; … 7. open up 打开，开辟，开创 We are hoping to _______ a big market in China. More and more foreigners want to _______ their companies in china. 8. care for 照顾，照看 = look after = take care of 9. How’s it going? 近来过得如何？一切进展顺利吗? 你好吗？ How’s everything going? How’s it going with you? 答语：Everything goes well./Everything is going well./It’s great./It’s pretty good./Not bad./Terrible. 二．名词 1. message n.[C] 消息,信息(指相互传送的信息, 可以是口头的, 也可以是书面的) leave a message 留口信 take a message 捎口信 send a message 送个口信 [词义辨析]information [U] 消息,信息(指信息量, 资料, 知识, 侧重内容) a piece of information/some information news [U] 新闻(指事先不为人知的信息新闻, 通过报纸杂志电视等媒体传达给大众, 侧重“新”) a piece of news/some news ①My aunt is a woman of wide_______. ②Would you leave a _______ for Doctor Wilson? ③There’s good ____ for us. 2. semester n. [C] [Am.] = term n. [C] [Br.] 学期 3. decision n. [C] 决定 decide v. = make a decision make a decision (to do sth.) = make a resolution (to do sth.) = make up one’s mind (to do sth) = decide (to do sth.) 决定做… It’s hard for him to make a big decision. She didn’t tell me her decision, but I’m sure she will do it. He decided to be a volunteer in the west of China. = He made a decision to be a volunteer in the west of China. 4. start n. 开始, 开端 [C] = beginning give sb. a new start 给…一个新的开始 Her experience as a doctor gave her a new start in life. v. 开始 = begin start to do sth./start doing sth. 5. influence n. [C] 影响 have an influence on… 对…有影响 The thick smoke from the factory had a bad influence on the environment around. 6. danger n. [U] 危险 dangerous adj. 危险的 be in danger 处于危险中 be out of danger 脱离危险 表示做某事或发生某情况的危险等, 通常后接of (doing sth.) 不接不定式。 Is there any danger of fire? He is in great danger of losing his job. A tiger is a dangerous animal. 三. 动词 1. pass v. ①传递 pass sb. sth.=pass sth. to sb. Harry passed his pen to Nick, and Nick passed it to their teacher. pass on 传递(on 为adv. 代词放中间) pass on sth. to sb./pass sth. on to sb. pass it on to sb. They passed on the stick one by one. Pass on the message. [辨析]pass 为一次性传递, pass on 为连续性传递 ②通过, 及格 ≠ fail 不及格 He worked so hard that he passed the English exam. ③经过 Lily passed the window quickly. 2. suppose v. 假定,设想,认为 ▲suppose sb./sth. +to be/+adj. 认为某人/某物… ▲suppose that +宾从 I suppose he is an American. → I don’t suppose he is an American. Let’s suppose we can visit a home in the future. ▲ be supposed to do = should do 被期望或被要求做…; 应该… Everyone is supposed to follow the traffic rules. You were supposed to arrive at 6:00 a. m., but you were late. The students are supposed to get to school on time. 3. take/bring/carry/fetch 四．形容词/副词 1. hard-working adj.勤勉的，努力工作的 be hard-working = work hard He is so hard-working. = He works so hard. 2. nervous adj. 神经紧张的，焦急不安的 ▲feel/get nervous about… 对…感到紧张 He felt nervous about the coming exam. ▲be nervous of sth./doing sth. 害怕（做）某事 She is nervous of staying alone. 3. true adj. 真实的，符合事实的 [辨析]true和real true强调与事实相符，不是编造的；real指客观存在，外表与实质的一致性，不是想象或虚构的。 Do you think it is ______ silk? The story is ______. 4. disappointing adj. 令人失望的（修饰物） disappointed adj. 感到失望的（修饰人） What ________ news it is! Are you very ________ at losing the game? 5. lucky adj. 幸运的 Aren’t you lucky? luck n. 幸运 Good luck! luckily adv. 幸运地 = fortunately He got up late today, but _______ he caught the bus. 6. own adj. 自己的 one’s own +n. 某人自己的… Everyone has his own habit. v. 拥有 = have He owns three cars. pron. 自己 do sth. on one’s own 独自做…= by oneself = alone 7. rural adj. 乡村的，乡下的≠ urban 城市的 rural area 农村地区 本文来源：https://www.dywdw.cn/eb19a07dbd23482fb4daa58da0116c175f0e1eb9.html
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2022-04-05
