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Paradigm, Theory and Research In research, theory has three functions: firstly, theory can prevent our theory of chance; secondly, theory can reasonably explain the observed pattern and point out more possibilities; finally, it establishes the form and direction of research and points out the possible direction of empirical observation. Paradigm: A basic model or plan for organizing or providing our views on things or objects of study. Different disciplines have different paradigms, which can be divided into natural science paradigm and social science paradigm according to their scientific attributes. Natural science paradigm includes Newton's mechanics, Einstein's relativity theory, Darwin's evolutionism, and social science paradigm includes philosophical paradigm, sociological paradigm and so on. Social Sciences use different paradigms to organize their understanding and exploration of social life. Positivism assumes that we can scientifically discover the rules of social life. The paradigm of conflict is concerned with how individuals and groups dominate others and avoid being dominated by others. The paradigm of symbolic interactionism focuses on how social interaction develops the shared meaning and social model. If everyone is a researcher engaged in research, the common people's methodology should pay attention to the way people create meaning in their lives. Structural functionalism or social system paradigm tries to find out the functions of various factors in society as a whole, such as motherhood, labor organization and radio farce. In addition to focusing on the oppression of women in most societies, the feminist paradigm also pays attention to how the inherent impression of social reality comes from and strengthens the experience of men. People abide by the rules of reason and have a firm belief in the objectivity of reality for a long time. However, this belief has been challenged by contemporary theorists and researchers. The traditional imagination of science includes theory, manipulation and observation. The traditional imagination of science does not exactly reflect the actual situation of scientific research. Theory and research in social sciences are achieved through deduction and induction. Grass-roots theory refers to the theory developed by observation in addition to deduction and induction. The theory and practice of social science go hand in hand. 范式、理论与研究 在研究中，理论有三个作用；首先，理论可以预防我们的侥幸理论；其次，理论可以合理的解释观察到的模式，并指出更多的可能性；最后是建立研究的形式和方向，指出实证观察可能有所发现的方向。 范式：用来组织或提供我们对事物或研究对象看法的一种基本模式或者计划。不同的学科有不同的范式，按科学属性方面来分，分为自然科学范式和社会科学范式，自然科学范式有牛顿的力学、爱因斯坦的相对论、达尔文的进化论等，社会科学范式有哲学范式，社会学范式等等。社会科学运用了不同的范式来组织对社会生活的了解和探索。 实证主义则假定我们可以科学地发现社会生活的规则。冲突范式值得关注的是，个人和团体如何支配他人并避免被他人所支配。符号互动主义范式关注的是，社会互动如何发展处共享的意义与社会模式。 如果每个人都是从事研究的研究者的话，常人方法论值得关注的就是人们在生活中制造意义的方法。结构功能主义或社会系统范式试图发现社会中各种因素对社会整体的功能，例如母亲、劳工组织以及广播闹剧的功能。女性主义范式除了关注大部分社会中对女性的压迫外，还注意到社会现实的固有印象是如何来自于并强化男性的经验。 人们遵从理性规则，长久以来对于现实的客观性有着坚定的信仰；不过，这种信仰已经受到了当代理论家以及研究者的挑战。科学的传统想象包含了理论、操作化和观察。科学的传统想象并非确切地反映了科学研究的实际情形。 社会科学中理论和研究是通过演绎和归纳实现的。草根理论指的是在演绎和归纳法之外通过观察所发展的理论。社会科学的理论与实践是携手并进的。 本文来源：https://www.dywdw.cn/5e3cfec14228915f804d2b160b4e767f5acf805b.html
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2022-04-13
